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Featured

Mating Sharks and Tonic Immobility

Shark Tales, in X-Ray Mag's issue #63, focused on pain in fish and sharks, and included a short piece on mating behaviour. The violence of the encounter is typical of mating sharks, thus raising the question of the suffering of the female shark during mating.

mating wounds
Ecology & Science

So I asked leading shark ethologist and behaviourist, Professor Samuel 'doc' Gruber to elaborate. After pointing out how much pain women feel when they give birth, making the point that suffering has no effect on reproduction, he reminded me that sharks evolved their mating behaviours and the physical structures involved, separately from other animals.

We Have Agency

As divers, we are often reminded of what is being lost. But we do have agency to make significant changes for the better.

We have agency
Op'eds and commentaries

As divers, we are often reminded of what is being lost.

We witness coral bleaching, ghost nets, declining fish stocks and degraded coastlines. News about the oceans can sometimes feel overwhelming, as though the problems are so vast that individual actions no longer matter. Yet one of the striking things about the diving community worldwide is that this assumption is increasingly being proven wrong.

X-RAY MAGAZINE FEATURE

Conscious Fish?

For decades, the question of whether fish feel pain has been stalled by a deeper, largely unexamined assumption: that fish, along with other β€œlow”, β€œcold” animals, are not conscious. This raises an immediate contradiction, for how can a creature experience pain without being aware of it?

Words:
Ila France Porcher
Images:
Common lionfish
βž₯ Download the full article as pdf β¬…οΈŽ
Ecology & Science

Pain, by its very nature, is a subjective experienceβ€”something felt. To argue that fish feel pain, but are not conscious, is to separate sensation from awareness in a way that collapses under scrutiny.

Whispering Seahorses and Pipefish

Among waving seagrass and drifting algae, tiny dragons glide in silence. Seahorses and pipefish move through their world like living calligraphyβ€”slender, delicate, and almost invisible. Their lives unfold quietly, in gestures, colours, and whispers too soft for human ears. Yet, within this miniature world lies one of the ocean’s most mysterious forms of communication.

Short snouted sea horse
Ecology & Science

Love written in light and sound

Seahorses are famous for one extraordinary fact: the male becomes pregnant. How did it happen that, in seahorses, the roles are reversed? No one knows. 

But this biological wonder is only the beginning. Before mating, pairs perform elaborate, daily courtship dances. They change colour together, entwine tails, and rise through the water in slow spirals. Hidden within these dances are tiny clicking soundsβ€”soft snaps made by rubbing bones in their heads. 

CopOUT30

If the events surrounding the COP30 Climate Change Conference have revealed anything, it is the sheer scale of our collective failure to confront a crisis that has been scientifically understood for decades.

Op'eds and commentaries

Yet again, the world’s leaders convened, debated, produced lofty rhetoricβ€”and left without the binding commitments, measurable targets, or decisive action that the science demands. The fact that several of the most influential leaders and governments did not attend speaks volumes. The US administration did not even bother to send delegates; however, over 100 state and local US leaders did show up. And even though China’s leadership was absent, it did send a large delegation.

Lady Starfish

Reflections on equality, privilege, and the power of small acts

Op'eds and commentaries

We like to think of equality as a universal principleβ€”that all human beings are created equal and should be afforded the same rights and opportunities. The idea has echoed through history, from Enlightenment thinkers to the ringing words of the American Declaration of Independence. They are noble ideals, ones we like to believe in, but when we look around us, reality tells another story. Where we are born, into which family and in which part of the world, still determines far more about our lives than any amount of effort, talent, or ambition.

Try Something New & Different!

Europe invites you to embrace its cultural richness. It is a place where the pleasures of good food, nature and great company are at the heart of everyday life, creating a fulfilling, balanced experience that goes beyond mere sightseeing or just diving.

Op'eds and commentaries

Once upon a time, when we were drafting and tinkering with the design and editorial profile of this magazine before it was launched, I had already made the observation that American dive magazines focused predominantly on US dive sites, the Caribbean and some Pacific destinations, while European magazines were mainly centred on local dive sites, the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, with the occasional mention of the Maldives or Thailand.

Our Way

Our Chosen Role Changing Media Landscape.

Op'eds and commentaries

A big thank you to the many who responded positively to my previous editorial about the balance we have to walk to maintain complete editorial independence and integrity while relying on sponsorship and advertising.

To elaborate, sticking to old-school, fact-based, in-depth reporting has been an easy choice. While going against the tide of the media landscape and macro-economic trends presents many challenges, adhering to these virtues provides us with a safe haven, with classic journalistic principles and press ethics providing guidance and a protective framework.

Treading a Fine Balance

Integrity is everything. It is the foundation of the unwritten contract we have with our readership, with you. Once we blow it, we have nothing.

Op'eds and commentaries

I live very much in the present and appreciate modern technology, gadgets and applications that make my life easier. I do not think of the old days as good, but in some ways, I am quite old-fashioned. I adhere to classic journalism, and I consider it a mission to be an educating communicator. Fluff pieces, short stories without substance and other empty mental calories are just not my thing.

Learn Their (Body) Language

Do we cherish the ocean enough to safeguard it for future generations? Do we believe in leaving behind a better world?

Op'eds and commentaries

Autumn is approaching in our hemisphere. In the forests around our city, the deer are in heat, and the stags can be seen fighting for dominance and the right to mate. It can be a dramatic but entertaining spectacle, provided you understand the need to keep a sensible distance from the animals at this time of year.

Understanding the Octopus: A Dive Into Its World

The octopus displays a remarkable intelligence. Its complex behaviours emerge from a decentralized nervous system, and survival depends on a delicate balance of exploration, fear, and adaptability.

Octopus at home
Ecology & Science

A review published in the journal Animal Sentience describes the surprising abilities found so far among octopus species.

Pagination

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Latest updates

X-Ray Mag 140 cover
X-Ray Mag #140
15 May, 2026 - 19:54
We have agency
We Have Agency
14 May, 2026 - 20:59
Conscious fish
Conscious Fish?
14 May, 2026 - 18:36
DAN Debuts Continuing Education for Dive Professionals – Course 3: Barotrauma Legal Drama
13 May, 2026 - 20:47
More

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Reviews

Books & Media

Scuba Diving Operational Risk Management

An SAS approach to principles, techniques and application in recreational and technical diving.

Book cover
Review
Books
Books & Media

Reefs of Time

In Reefs of Time, geoscientist and science educator Lisa S. Gardiner offers a compelling and accessible exploration of how fossil coral reefs can inform our understanding of the threats facing reefs today. 

Book cover:  Reefs of Time
Review
Books & Media

Secret Seas

Professional underwater photographer, Paul Flandinette and marine scientist and underwater photographer Michel Claereboudt take the reader on a breathtaking journey of discovery into Oman's underwater world.

Book cover
Review
Books
Books & Media

Yes, Fish Feel Pain

A thought-provoking examination of fish sentience, behaviour and the growing scientific debate surrounding pain perception in aquatic animals.

Yes, Fish Feel Pain
Works by Our Contributors
Review
Books
Ila France Porcher
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About X-Ray Mag

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Compiled by an international network of top dive editors and world-class underwater photographers, X-RAY MAG is the planet's only truly global premier dive lifestyle magazine. Subscription and downloads are free. Published since 2003.

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AquaScope Media ApS - Copenhagen - Β© 2026

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