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  • ⚲ Search

Kelp Forests Flourished Off US Pacific Coast as Early as 32 Million Years Ago

A study by the University of California, Berkeley, has shown that these underwater ecosystems have been a part of the ocean landscape for much longer than the scientific community once thought.

Ecology & Science

Ground-breaking research has revealed that Pacific kelp forests are much older than previously thought, reshaping our knowledge of marine ecosystems.

Originally thought to be a relatively recent occurrence in ocean history, kelp forests are now considered ancient entities, with origins dating back millions of years. This revelation comes from the analysis of fossil records and advances in dating techniques, allowing scientists to peer back through time.

Sea stars can help to restore kelp forests

Endangered sunflower sea stars show promise in restoring kelp forest health.

The largest sea star in the world, the sunflower sea star is a predatory sea star usually with 16 to 24 limbs called rays.
Ecology & Science

The sunflower sea star was once a common sight along North America's Pacific coast. Although it is now an endangered species, scientists are hailing it as a potential saviour of the region's threatened kelp forests.

Recent research reveals its crucial role in controlling the population of kelp-eating urchins, thus offering a glimmer of hope for these vital marine ecosystems.

X-RAY MAGAZINE FEATURE

California's Channel Islands: Kelp Diving on the US West Coast

Due to their unique position relative to the eastern Pacific current, or the California Current, the Channel Islands off California’s coast receive an ideal amount of nutrients and water circulation for optimum growth of California giant kelp. This colonial algae forms forests over the rocky reefs and walls surrounding the islands, and act as one of the world’s most productive marine ecosystems. Eight islands and numerous offshore seamounts comprise this island chain, which is for the most part uninhabited and full of unique anchorages and protected coves for divers to explore.

Words:
Frankie Grant
Images:
Frankie Grant
Download the full article as pdf ⬇︎
Travel & Trips

After a smooth night crossing from San Diego, I awoke to the sound of a freed anchor and the gentle tug as it sat firm in the sand. I rose to the deck, eyes wide once the morning’s coffee was prepared, to an almost glass-like sea near the southern tip of San Clemente Island. Cloudy skies presented a grayness over the ocean, but it was no indication of the vibrance and solitude I would soon find beneath the waves.

X-RAY MAGAZINE FEATURE

La Jolla: Classic Southern California Diving

Cool sunlight slowly crept down from the horizon to the kelp beds off La Jolla in southern California. I took another sip of coffee. Sea lions barked on occasion as small groups of pelicans flew up the coast to start their day.

Words:
Brent Durand
Images:
Brent Durand
Playful California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) are a highlight of diving La Jolla Cove. Photo Brent Durand.
Download the full article as pdf ⬇︎
Travel & Trips

The two-hour drive south had ended with a spectacular sunrise, saturating the coast in a deep pink that one could feel and breathe. I arrived early to ensure I could find a much-coveted parking space. It was clear and calm—the reason I picked today for a dive trip down the coast.

This first dive would be solo, shallow and relaxing. I wandered back to the car to begin laying out my gear: a 7mm wetsuit, 5mm hooded vest, gloves, booties and, of course, my trusty camera, with wide-angle lens and dome port attached.

An avid diver for over 20 years, Brent Durand is a widely published underwater photographer and dive writer who has served as editor-in-chief of the Underwater Photography Guide and imaging expert at Scuba Diving Magazine and Sport Diver. With a reputation for insightful-yet-simple reviews and tutorial articles, he has written for most of the top dive publications. Helping hundreds of divers “take their photography to the next level,” Durand has led underwater photography workshops in California, the Bahamas, Indonesia, Mexico, the Philippines and Sri Lanka.

X-RAY MAGAZINE FEATURE

Northern California: A Dive Off the American Wild West Coast

Warm rinse water sloshed in the jug as my car hugged a sharp turn on California’s Pacific Coast Highway. I looked left at the mighty Pacific Ocean, the cliffs tumbling to the sea dotted by rugged pinnacles, stretching farther up the coast than the jam band solo currently playing out of the car speakers. Deep blue, favorable conditions all week, minimal swell, no-wind forecast—only unpredictable visibility could affect the diving today.

Words:
Brent Durand
Images:
Brent Durand
Download the full article as pdf ⬇︎
Travel & Trips

The parking lot was empty as we unloaded and set up our gear on a downed redwood tree trunk. Today would be a wetsuit dive, since my dive buddy and I would be doing a lot of swimming. The cool steel 117 (15L) tanks were filled to the max. Ziiiiiip.

Snap. Clip. Clip. Zzzzzzzz. Hoooofff.

“OK. Let’s do it.”

X-RAY MAGAZINE FEATURE

San Diego: Gateway to Wreck Alley and Islas Coronados

San Diego’s Wreck Alley is an area with intentionally sunken ships. One of the wrecks divers can find here is the HMCS Yukon, which was a Mackenzie-class destroyer that served in the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) and later the Canadian Forces. She was named after the Yukon River that runs from British Columbia through the Yukon and into Alaska.

Words:
Larry Cohen & Olga Torrey
Images:
Larry Cohen & Olga Torrey
Download the full article as pdf ⬇︎
Travel & Trips

The Yukon. The ship entered service in 1963. The Yukon was mostly used as a training ship. Built on the west coast in North Vancouver, the Yukon was immediately transferred to the east coast. Based in Halifax, Nova Scotia she remained on the east coast for a year, as part of the First Canadian Escort Squadron. The Yukon escorted Queen Elizabeth II aboard the HMY Britannia on visits to several Canadian port cities. She returned to the Pacific in 1965.

X-RAY MAGAZINE FEATURE

Southern California's Market Squid Run

Most years, Southern California on the US west coast is the site of a special marine life aggregation, treating locals to one of the most unique dives in the world. Hundreds of thousands of market squid (Doryteuthis opalescens) swim into recreational dive depths to mate and lay an expansive canvas of egg baskets (collections of eggs) across the sandy substrate. Because so many squid can be present, and because they are attracted to divers’ torches, the dive is spent immersed in a cloud of these small, excited squid.

Words:
Brent Durand
Images:
Brent Durand
Download the full article as pdf ⬇︎
Travel & Trips

The squid run is hard to predict but usually occurs in December. Avid divers surveying the canyons will see indicators of a pending squid run: a lone squid or two during a night dive, solitary egg cases attached to the substrate here and there, and moon phase clues. The most popular area for divers to experience the event is the submarine canyon of Redondo Beach in Los Angeles, as it is a very accessible night beach dive.

X-RAY MAGAZINE FEATURE

Yellowstone

A volcano larger than Delaware and Rhode Island combined, Yellowstone National Park is a geothermal hot spot that attracts more than four million visitors a year. Wildlife roam the landscape freely in this caldera defined by ongoing thermal activity. In this unique landscape, opportunities for exploration above and below the water line abound.

Words:
Jennifer Idol
Images:
Download the full article as pdf ⬇︎
Travel & Trips

Yellowstone National Park is a remote wilderness. The closest major airports are six to eight hours away by car in Salt Lake City, Utah and Denver, Colorado. I started the 24-hour drive from Texas at dawn with my buddy Doug Harder. We watched as flat plains in the Texas panhandle gave way to the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. We completed our drive the first day as the moon rose and continued our journey the next day.

Sick Starfish Linked To Warming Ocean

The Seattle Times has just issued an update on a story that we have been following since the summer of 2014.

Sick Starfish Syndrome, Laura James, The Seattle Times, Rosemary E Lunn, X-Ray Mag
Ecology & Science

In June X-Ray Mag correspondent Scott Bennett reported on a "Mysterious Disease Decimating Oregon Sea Star Populations". He wrote "a mysterious disease affecting sea stars has erupted along the Oregon coast. Sea star wasting syndrome causes the creature’s body to disintegrate, ultimately leading to death. Up to half or more of the creatures along the coast have been infected in just a matter of weeks.

X-RAY MAGAZINE FEATURE

Great American Journey

Returning from the pristine reefs of Tobago, I flew over the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010. Aghast, I set out on a journey that would help me illuminate waters of the United States to help people better understand their national treasure. I became the first woman to dive all 50 states at the end of last year.

Words:
Jennifer Idol
Images:
Download the full article as pdf ⬇︎
Travel & Trips

When I set out on my journey, I was already an experienced local diver that appreciated the diversity of my Texas diving. As an underwater photographer, I thought people would learn to value and protect their waters if I created compelling imagery. Despite my experience, I didn’t know what I would see and experience on my journey. In the United States, I had only previously dived Texas and Florida.

Pagination

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Latest updates

Zale Parry
Diving Pioneer Zale Parry Dies Aged 93
21 Jul, 2026 - 18:25
Kelp
The Wandering Forests of the Sea
20 Jul, 2026 - 13:53
Emperor Divers celebrates PADI Women's Dive Day with special liveaboard offer
16 Jul, 2026 - 07:50
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Yes, Fish Feel Pain

A thought-provoking examination of fish sentience, behaviour and the growing scientific debate surrounding pain perception in aquatic animals.

Yes, Fish Feel Pain
Works by Our Contributors
Review
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Ila France Porcher
Books & Media

Secret Seas

Professional underwater photographer, Paul Flandinette and marine scientist and underwater photographer Michel Claereboudt take the reader on a breathtaking journey of discovery into Oman's underwater world.

Book cover
Review
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Books & Media

Scuba Diving Operational Risk Management

An SAS approach to principles, techniques and application in recreational and technical diving.

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Review
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Books & Media

Technically Speaking

Simon Pridmore's aim in writing this book was to examine and record where technical diving came from, how it developed, how it expanded across the world, who the important movers were and how the efforts of a few determined people changed our little field of human endeavour forever.

Technically Speaking
Works by Our Contributors
Review
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Simon Pridmore
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Compiled by an international network of top dive editors and world-class underwater photographers, X-RAY MAG is the planet's only truly global premier dive lifestyle magazine. Subscription and downloads are free. Published since 2003.

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