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X-RAY MAGAZINE FEATURE

The Evolution of Dive Planning

For many recreational divers, dive planning has become a lost art, but technical divers still place a large emphasis on the value of dive planning. Despite this, the methods of dive planning have changed to take advantage of changes in technology and equipment. In this article, we will look at how dive planning for technical divers has evolved and how we can best make use of modern technology while still maintaining safety.

Words:
Mark Powell
Images:
Download the full article as pdf ⬇︎
Tech and Training

“Plan the dive and dive the plan” has long been the mantra employed in all areas of diving. Technical divers in particular spend more time planning their dives than many recreational divers. This is due to a number of factors, including increased risks, greater depths, high gas usage at depth, increased decompression obligations, increased oxygen toxicity loading and a host of other reasons.

X-RAY MAGAZINE FEATURE

Permanent Change: When Have We Learnt?

In a previous article, I discussed some of the various definitions of learning, and focused on the following definition: Learning is a permanent, observable change in behaviour. Specifically, the article explored the second part of the definition and the learning outcomes that can be used to pin down the observable change in behaviour, which we are looking for. In this article, we will switch back to the first part of the definition: “a permanent change.”

Words:
Mark Powell
Images:
Download the full article as pdf ⬇︎
Tech and Training

If our definition of learning assumes that learning involves a permanent change in behaviour, then how long is permanent? If a change occurs, but it disappears as soon as the student leaves the class, then did they learn? I think most people would say no. If they retain that change for four hours, would we say that was “permanent” and they have learnt? What about four days, or four weeks, or four months?

X-RAY MAGAZINE FEATURE

Parallels in Psychological Factors in Technical Diving and the Olympics

Achieving the Olympic dream is often described as the culmination of four years or more of hard work, sacrifice, commitment and dedication. To be an Olympian, there will be three components that must be present in each competitor before the dream can be achieved: talent, physical potential and psychological potential. Whether someone gets to "live the dream"""" is entirely dependent on whether they can maximise the three elements. """

Words:
Matt Jevon
Images:
Download the full article as pdf ⬇︎
Tech and Training

Surprisingly perhaps it is not the most talented that always succeed. In fact, an abundance of talent can actually work against the potential success as insufficient drive and effort is needed and thereby applied to realise a good level of success. When the last three percent is needed and its drive and commitment that will get them there, the highly talented are often found lacking to make the final step to the top of the tree.

Poseidon Announces "Game-changing" 'Solid State Oxygen Sensor'

The oxygen sensor was invented in the 1960's and first used in the Electrolung rebreather.

Poseidon's new Solid State Sensor (SSS)
Equipment
Tech and Training
Poseidon

In early 1968 John Kanwisher and Walter Stark met by chance. They soon learned that each man had been considering the feasibility of a mixed gas closed circuit rebreather (CCRB) using electronic sensors to control the Partial Pressure of Oxygen (ppO2). They collaborated and the result was the Electrolung.

X-RAY MAGAZINE FEATURE

Just Culture

A diver had an oxygen toxicity seizure because an incorrect gas was filled in a cylinder by a dive centre. A baby died because the wrong dose of medication was injected. Who is to blame for the error and how do we try to make sure that these types of incidents aren’t repeated?

Words:
Gareth Lock
Images:
Gareth Lock
Download the full article as pdf ⬇︎
Tech and Training

Some of the readers may remember an article I wrote on this subject a couple of years ago, but this one will go into much more depth and give examples of the issues faced in both the scuba diving community and other environments, which have more established safety management system programmes and cultures.

X-RAY MAGAZINE FEATURE

Configuration

Since the introduction of Scuba diving in the mid 1950s, one of the most hotly debated subjects in the world of technical diving is that regarding the best type of gear configuration. Over the years, many experienced divers, instructors, and training agencies, have all claimed that their method and style of kit configuration is the best.

Words:
Leigh Cunningham
Images:
Download the full article as pdf ⬇︎
Equipment
Tech and Training

Also, a diver may be able to maintain his depth at the bottom by lightly finning. However, finning too hard and for too long could lead to excessive CO2 production. The breathing rate would then increase, and the flushing and exhaling of CO2 would become less efficient.

X-RAY MAGAZINE FEATURE

Technical Diving: Why?

Technical diving gives you the opportunity to develop your diving without becoming an instructor. But the diving becomes more difficult, and the technology is not what you are used to.

Words:
Fredrik Isakson
Images:
Alex Dawson
Download the full article as pdf ⬇︎
Tech and Training

In recent years, a new path has opened up for those who do not want to become an instructor and yet want to develop with his or her diving; that path is technical diving.

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Latest updates

Closed-circuit rebreathers, DPVs and technical diving systems were used by the Finnish recovery team to search the cave.
Maldives Recovery: Exclusive Interview With DAN Europe’s Laura Marroni and Sami Paakkarinen
8 Jul, 2026 - 17:29
Juvenile sea turtle photo by Tay Liang Wei
Lens Beyond Ocean Photo Competition 2026 Winners
8 Jul, 2026 - 16:52
Advanced nitrox diving
Crucible, Part I: A Deep Dive Into the Early Days of Technical Diving
8 Jul, 2026 - 16:12
Java Sidemount
Java Sidemount
8 Jul, 2026 - 13:55
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Reviews

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Scuba Diving Operational Risk Management

An SAS approach to principles, techniques and application in recreational and technical diving.

Book cover
Review
Books
Books & Media

Yes, Fish Feel Pain

A thought-provoking examination of fish sentience, behaviour and the growing scientific debate surrounding pain perception in aquatic animals.

Yes, Fish Feel Pain
Works by Our Contributors
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Ila France Porcher
Books & Media

Reefs of Time

In Reefs of Time, geoscientist and science educator Lisa S. Gardiner offers a compelling and accessible exploration of how fossil coral reefs can inform our understanding of the threats facing reefs today. 

Book cover:  Reefs of Time
Review
Books & Media

Marine Life of the North Sea and English Channel

Lawson Wood’s Marine Life of the North Sea and English Channel is an extensive guide dedicated to the exploration and understanding of the diverse marine ecosystems found between the British Isles and the coasts of northern France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway and southern Sweden.

Cover  Marine LIfe of the North Sea and English Channel
Works by Our Contributors
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Lawson Wood
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Compiled by an international network of top dive editors and world-class underwater photographers, X-RAY MAG is the planet's only truly global premier dive lifestyle magazine. Subscription and downloads are free. Published since 2003.

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AquaScope Media ApS - Copenhagen - © 2026

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