Their study, using the purple sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus), discovered that these animals have a highly sophisticated nervous system—one that shares organisational features with the brains of vertebrates, including humans.

Two Body Types

To understand how strange and fascinating this is, it helps to know something about echinoderms—the group that includes sea urchins, starfish, sea cucumbers, and brittle stars.

Like us, these animals start life with bilateral symmetry, that is, a left and a right side that are mostly symmetrical, like most other animals. Their free-swimming larvae are tiny, two-sided creatures. Then, during metamorphosis, they reorganise themselves into adults with five-fold radial symmetry—the the star-shaped pattern so evident in many starfish.

Researchers wanted to understand how a single animal, with just one set of genes, could produce two such different body plans—and what cell types make this transformation possible.

A Whole-Body Head

When scientists mapped the cell types in young post-metamorphosis sea urchins, what they found was astonishing: the adult body plan is like a head.

Unlike most animals, sea urchins don’t have a real “trunk” region. The genes that would build the central body in vertebrates—torso, spine, limbs—mostly stay focused on internal organs like the gut and the water vascular system, which is the network of canals and tube feet used for movement and feeding.

But the nervous system? That’s everywhere.

The team discovered hundreds of different neuronal cell types, far more than expected. Many of these neurons express genes that are specific to echinoderm “head” structures as well as ancient genes found in the central nervous systems of what have been considered the "higher animals."

This combination suggests that sea urchins do not just have a simple nerve net; they have a distributed, brain-like system woven through their entire body.

Seeing Without Eyes

If that isn’t strange enough, the researchers also found light-sensitive cells across the sea urchin’s whole body—structures similar to cells in our own retinas.

Large portions of the urchin’s nervous system appear to respond to light, hinting that much of its behaviour could be influenced by brightness, shadow, or shifting illumination on the sea floor.

One especially intriguing cell type even had two different light receptors, suggesting that sea urchins may have a far more nuanced sense of “vision” than previously believed, even though they lack eyes.

Intricately Sensory

So the next time you are gliding above a reef and see a cluster of sea urchins, think of them not as simple minded lawnmowers with prickles, but as intricate animals with a remarkably advanced, body-wide brain.

Hidden beneath those sharp spines is a world of sensory complexity still being explored. The humble sea urchin turns out to be one of the ocean’s most surprising biological enigmas—a reminder that even familiar creatures can hold extraordinary secrets. And that every time it is examined, we find that the animal is far, far more neurologically capable than had been assumed.